北京不同污染天气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)染毒对大鼠生理病理参数的影响

为探讨北京不同污染天气大气可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)和细颗粒物PM_(2.5)污染对雄性大鼠血常规、氧化损伤、炎症反应和肺组织的影响,将64只雄性8周龄Wistar大鼠随机分为8组,分别为2个对照组(空白组和生理盐水组)和6个染毒组(清洁、雾霾及沙尘暴3种不同天气的PM_(10)染毒组和PM_(2.5)染毒组),每组8只。用2015年3月—5月在北京南海子麋鹿苑采集的清洁、雾霾和沙尘暴3种不同天气的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)制备悬液,分别采用气管滴入PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)悬液作为染毒组,空白对照组不做任何处理,生理盐水对照组采用气管滴注生理盐水。急性染毒24 h后处死大鼠。采集血液测定18个血常规指标,分析肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、白介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量,并在高倍显微镜下观察肺组织和气管病理形态变化。同时,对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中的水溶性离子、有机碳/元素碳、16种多环芳烃和7种重金属等元素进行了测定,并分析了各组分与大鼠生理病理指标的相关性。结果表明:清洁、沙尘暴天气的PM_(10)和雾霾天气的PM_(2.5)急性染毒导致大鼠白细胞系参数即免疫力显著下降。污染天气颗粒物染毒后大鼠BALF氧化炎症因子的改变表明呼吸系统受到感染:沙尘暴和清洁天的PM_(10)染毒均显著提高了TGF-β1,雾霾PM_(10)染毒后IL-6和LDH有一定程度升高。3种天气颗粒物染毒对肺和气管造成的组织病理伤害各有特点,但PM_(2.5)伤害程度普遍大于PM_(10)。染毒颗粒物粒径大小,其化学成分类别、浓度是造成大鼠血常规指标变化、氧化炎症反应和组织学病变的可能原因。     

低剂量丙烯酰胺多世代持续暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫的损伤作用

论文研究了丙烯酰胺(acrylamide,AA)低剂量多代持续暴露对模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans,C.elegans)的发育、生殖、寿命和捕食行为能力的影响。将线虫暴露于不同剂量水平的AA中,检测对当代线虫的发育周期、后代数量、寿命和捕食行为的影响,结果显示,1.0 mmol·L~(-1)AA水平可诱发当代线虫发育周期延长和后代数量减少(P 0.05),0.05mmol·L~(-1)和0.001 mmol·L~(-1)水平可分别诱发捕食行为能力下降和寿命缩短(P0.05)。进一步选取对当代线虫不产生明显损伤效应的AA剂量,将线虫进行多代持续暴露处理,结果显示,0.01 mmol·L~(-1)AA分别可在第2代g1和第3代g2诱发发育周期延长和后代数量减少(P0.05),0.005 mmol·L~(-1)AA可在第2代g1引起摄食行为能力下降,0.0001 mmol·L~(-1)(约7μg·L~(-1),低于推测人的平均AA暴露水平)的AA在第2代g1即可诱发寿命缩短(P0.05)。以上结果表明AA生物学毒性可以在后代间积累,极低剂量AA多代持续暴露仍可诱发生物学损伤。     

Characterisation of Particulate Matter Sampled during a Study of Children's Personal Exposure to Airborne Particulate Matter in a UK Urban Environment

The personal exposure of children aged 9 – 11 years to particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) was carried out between January and September 1997 in the London Borough of Barnet. Personal sampling along with home, garden and classroom microenvironmental monitoring was completed for all ten children. Each child was monitored for five days during winter, spring and summer. All children completed daily time activity diaries to provide information on any potential activities that could influence their exposure to particulate matter. Each evening a household activity questionnaire was also completed by the parents. Personal Environmental Monitors were used to sample personal exposure to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. Harvard Impactors were used for the microenvironmental sampling of both size fractions. The children's mean personal exposure concentrations for PM₁₀ during winter, spring and summer were 72, 54 and 35 µg/m³ respectively and for PM_2.5 22, 17 and 18 µg/m³ respectively. In order to determine the potential sources of particulate matter, analysis of the Teflon filters has been undertaken. The physical characteristics of the particles have been identified using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The relationships between personal exposure concentrations and the different microenvironments will be discussed.     

Benzene Exposure Assessment at Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Levels. The French Contribution to the Life MACBETH Programme

Many VOC represent hazards to human health through chronic exposure. Recent European and world-wide legislation proposes limit values for ambient concentrations of these compounds. However, very little experimental data exists for true population exposure. In 1996, the European MACBETH initiative set out to measure population exposure to benzene in six European cities. This study details the French contribution to this program. Six campaigns were carried out, each comprising measurements at 100 outdoor sites and the participation of 50 non-smoking volunteers who wore personal samplers and had passive monitors installed in their homes. Iso-concentration maps were drawn for each campaign and the results showed that outdoor concentrations were significantly lower than indoors. Almost 75% of the volunteers were exposed to mean concentrations higher than the limit value of 5µgm³. It is demonstrated that personal exposure levels cannot be deduced simply by combining indoor and outdoor background concentrations. It is also shown that there is need for better knowledge of the contributions to overall exposure of outdoor microenvironments and the authors hope that future European directives will take this into account.     

Role of nitric oxide in the genotoxic response to chronic microcystin-LR exposure in human–hamster hybrid cells

Microcystin-LR(MC-LR) is the most abundant and toxic microcystin congener and has been classified as a potential human carcinogen(Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the genotoxic effects of MC-LR during chronic exposure are still poorly understood. In the present study, human–hamster hybrid(AL) cells were exposed to MC-LR for varying lengths of time to investigate the role of nitrogen radicals in MC-LR-induced genotoxicity. The mutagenic potential at the CD59 locus was more than 2-fold higher(p 0.01) in ALcells exposed to a cytotoxic concentration(1 μmol/L) of MC-LR for 30 days than in untreated control cells, which was consistent with the formation of micronucleus. MC-LR caused a dose-dependent increase in nitric oxide(NO) production in treated cells. Moreover, this was blocked by concurrent treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor NG-methyl-L-arginine(L-NMMA), which suppressed MC-LRinduced mutations as well. The survival of mitochondrial DNA-depleted(ρ0) ALcells was markedly decreased by MC-LR treatment compared to that in ALcells, while the CD59 mutant fraction was unaltered. These results provided clear evidence that the genotoxicity associated with chronic MC-LR exposure in mammalian cells was mediated by NO and might be considered as a basis for the development of therapeutics that prevent carcinogenesis.     

家庭生活用水与室内氡浓度研究与进展

文章论述了家庭生活水的氡浓度水平、生活用水对室内氡的贡献、水的使用过程中室内氡行为以及含氡水的使用与辐射照射剂量的关系等问题。指出家庭生活水的氡浓度高时，是室内氡的一个不可忽视的来源。对氡浓度特别高的家庭用水，建议先用活性炭等进行吸附后再使用。     

放射源使用中潜在照射危险的评价与控制浅述

文章介绍了潜在照射的主要来源及危害。结合实际应用中的具体情况，对其使用实践中可能导致的潜在危害作了简单的分析，并根据ICPLP的相关建议和国家相关的具体要求，提出在放射源应用领域潜在照射控制的主要原则和措施。     

宁东能源化工基地大气PM2.5中硝基多环芳烃污染特征及呼吸暴露风险

利用大气主动采样技术对宁东能源化工基地大气PM_(2.5)中硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的污染特征、一次排放和二次形成源贡献及呼吸暴露风险进行了观测研究.结果表明,宁东能源化工基地大气PM_(2.5)中Σ _(12)NPAHs质量浓度在2. 06～37. 14ng·m~(-3)之间,其中基于能源产业的宝丰采样点冬、夏季采样期Σ _(12)NPAHs的平均质量浓度分别为(25. 57±5. 76) ng·m~(-3)和(6. 22±1. 74) ng·m~(-3).以化工、电力产业为主的英力特采样点冬、夏季Σ _(12)NPAHs平均质量浓度分别为(7. 13±1. 44)ng·m~(-3)和(2. 58±0. 39) ng·m~(-3),两采样点均表现出冬季高于夏季的季节特征,推测为冬季取暖造成较高的NPAHs一次排放所致.宝丰采样点Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度水平明显高于英力特,可能与宝丰的煤炭开采及焦炭生产的能源产业较化工产业造成更高的NPAHs一次排放相关,因而造成了Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度水平的空间差异.两个采样点PM_(2.5)中Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度的夜昼比表明,夏季Σ _(12)NPAHs浓度日间明显高于夜间而冬季则相反,表明夏季日间较夜间存在更活跃的大气光化学反应,较夜间贡献更多二次形成的NPAHs. NPAHs族谱特征的时空差异表现为:宝丰和英力特采样点冬夏季均以一次排放标识物2N-FLO和6N-CHR为主要占比,其中宝丰采样点冬季2N-FLO和6N-CHR总占比为46%,夏季为73%,英力特采样点冬季总占为59%,夏季为55%.但英力特采样点夏季二次形成的标识物3N-PHE浓度占比较宝丰更高,表明基于化工产业的英力特较宝丰存在更高的前体物排放,由此贡献更多二次形成的NPAHs.本研究还借助Σ _(12)NPAHs/Σ _(16)PAHs比值对NPAHs可能的来源贡献进行了分析研究,结果表明宁东能源化工基地夏季较高的温度促进了PAHs的降解以及NPAHs的二次形成,较冬季贡献更多二次形成源的NPAHs.基于BaP等效毒性因子评价法估算了PM_(2.5)中Σ _5NPAHs的呼吸暴露肺癌风险,结果表明,宝丰采样点PM_(2.5)中Σ _5NPAHs的肺癌风险值冬季为(3. 06×10~(-5)±1. 36×10~(-5)),夏季为(1. 79×10~(-5)±0. 80×10~(-5)),英力特采样点冬季为(2. 85×10~(-5)±1. 20×10~(-5)),夏季为(1. 86×10~(-5)±0. 83×10~(-5)).宝丰和英力特肺癌风险值均高于Cal/EPA规定的1. 00×10~(-5)的限值,表明宁东能源化工基地人群存在一定程度的大气PM_(2.5)中NPAHs呼吸暴露肺癌风险.     

上海郊区家庭妇女PM2.5重金属组分暴露水平、来源与健康风险

为了解上海市郊区家庭妇女大气PM_(2.5)及重金属组分的呼吸暴露水平和潜在健康风险,于2017年2月至2018年6月使用SKC个体采样泵对松江区143位研究对象开展个体暴露监测,采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(ED-XRF)测定PM_(2.5)中13种无机元素的质量浓度.利用PMF源解析技术和美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型,对Ni、V、Cr、Mn、As和Pb的来源和暴露风险进行分析.结果表明,家庭主妇PM_(2.5)的年日均暴露浓度为40. 61μg·m-3,普遍高于周边环境监测站点的PM_(2.5)平均水平.Cr(Ⅵ)和As的致癌健康风险超过了可接受水平(10-6); V、Cr(Ⅵ)、Mn、Ni和As的非致癌风险处于安全水平,但5种元素的非致癌风险加和超出了安全阈值( 1). PM_(2.5)中10种无机元素(Al、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Zn、As和Pb)的主要来源包括扬尘与室内源混合源(43. 8%)、工业冶炼尘(34. 6%)、燃煤(14. 5%)和燃油(7. 2%).根据源类的健康风险评价结果,应进一步加强工业冶炼和化石燃料燃烧综合防控.     

宁东基地大气PAHs污染特征及呼吸暴露风险

利用主动观测技术对宁东能源化工基地大气PM_2.5、PM_1.0和气相中的PAHs浓度水平、族谱特征、时空分布及来源进行研究,并基于该观测数据对居民呼吸暴露健康风险进行评估.结果表明,宁东基地大气PM_2.5、PM_1.0及气相中∑₁₆PAHs浓度范围分别为：17.95~325.12ng/m³、12.66~311.96ng/m³和26.33~97.88ng/m³,年均浓度分别为（99.42±117.48）ng/m³、（78.88±100.58）ng/m³和（57.89±47.39）ng/m³.宝丰基地冬夏季大气PM_2.5、PM_1.0和气相中∑₁₆PAHs浓度水平均明显高于英力特;宝丰和英力特基地冬季大气PM_2.5、PM_1.0中∑₁₆PAHs浓度水平均明显高于夏季浓度.宁东基地大气中∑₁₆PAHs的浓度水平要高于国内外其他城市,大气PAHs污染较为严重.源解析表明夏季宁东基地PAHs的主要排放源是工业煤燃烧和机动车尾气,冬季则主要来自工业煤燃烧和木材、薪柴等生物质燃烧排放.宁东基地人群暴露于大气PAHs可能会造成平均冬季每百万人中约有33~2628人罹患癌症,夏季每百万人中约有11~834人罹患癌症的风险.